Author: nakano

National Museum of Western Art

The exhibition “From Renaissance to Impressionism: San Diego Museum of Art vs. National Museum of Western Art” (commonly known as the “Where to See?” exhibition) has opened at the National Museum of Western Art in Ueno, Tokyo. The exhibition will run from March 11 to June 8, 2025.
I attended the press preview that was held earlier, so I’d like to share some photos of the venue.

The two museums’ collections interact to explore their appeal from various angles

The exhibition combines a total of 88 pieces from the collections of the San Diego Museum of Art and the National Museum of Western Art in the United States, tracing the history of Western art spanning 600 years from the Renaissance to the end of the 19th century, and offering tips on how to enjoy viewing the works .

The San Diego Museum of Art, one of the earliest art museums to build a comprehensive collection of Western classical paintings in the American West, has focused its collection on Spanish art due to the cultural and historical ties to San Diego, an area founded by Spanish settlement.

Therefore, the exhibition includes many masterpieces of Spanish art, such as “Still Life with Quince, Cabbage, Melon, and Cucumber” by Juan Sánchez Cotán, the father of Bodegón (Spanish still life painting) , as well as works by El Greco, Zurbarán, Sorolla, etc. All 49 pieces brought to Japan from the San Diego Museum of Art will be shown in Japan for the first time .

On the other hand, the National Museum of Western Art has the only systematic collection of Western paintings in East Asia. Regarding the background of the exhibition, curator Yusuke Kawase (Chief Researcher at the National Museum of Western Art) said the following:

“In an art exhibition consisting only of works borrowed from one museum, it is often difficult to understand the context, such as the artist’s personality or the artist’s position in the artist’s artistic career, even if you can appreciate each piece. The same can be said for the permanent exhibition at the National Museum of Western Art. Therefore, this time, we decided to combine the collections of both museums, arrange works by the same artist or subject in groups, and dig deeper . By doing so, we tried to convey the interesting world of Western art, which is often avoided due to the difficulty of the subject and the age of the era, and where to start looking. This exhibition was created with the intention of conveying the interesting world of Western art in an easy-to-understand manner.

As Kawase mentioned, the exhibition is divided into 36 small themes. For example, in the first chapter, which explores the development of Renaissance painting in Italy and the Netherlands (present-day Belgium and the Netherlands) from Giotto to Bosch (workshop), works by Giorgione (1477/78-1510) and Jacopo Tintoretto (1518-1594) are displayed side by side as “Venetian Renaissance Portraits.”

Giorgione died in his early 30s, leaving very few documents and much about him still shrouded in mystery, but he is considered the founder of the High Renaissance style in Venetian painting. His Portrait of a Man (1506), housed at the San Diego Museum of Art, is a small piece but one of the masterpieces of Renaissance portraiture. With its precise depiction of physical features and soft shading, he achieved revolutionary realism.

On the other hand, Tintoretto is considered one of the three great masters of 16th century Venetian painting after Giorgione’s death, alongside Titian and Veronese. By displaying his “Portrait of an Old Man” (c.1550) from the San Diego Museum of Art and “Portrait of a Man Disguised as David” (c.1555-1560) from the National Museum of Western Art alongside Giorgione’s works, the exhibition shows, with accompanying explanatory text, how Tintoretto developed the technique used by Giorgione to express volume through color gradations.

A masterpiece by Spain’s most important still-life painter, who influenced Goya and Picasso, is coming to Japan

Chapter 2, which introduces the characteristics of 17th century Baroque art by region, features the highlight of the exhibition , Still Life with Quince, Cabbage, Melon and Cucumber (c.1602) by Juan Sánchez Cotán (1560-1627).

From the end of the 16th century to the beginning of the 17th century, still-life paintings began to be painted independently all over Europe, and in Spain, the “bodegón” style of still-life painting, which focuses on motifs related to food and the dining table, developed in particular. The painter Sánchez Cotán, who was active in Toledo around 1600, devised a unique compositional technique in which a small number of common vegetables and fruits are arranged on a stone frame, as seen in this work, and lit with spotlight-like light to accentuate the contrast between light and dark. This established the typical form of Spanish still-life painting that would continue to be used for a long time.

Commenting on the appeal of this work, curator Michael Brown (Curator of European Art at the San Diego Museum of Art), said , “At first glance it appears to be a simple composition, but the single blank space of darkness in the center exudes infinite elements and a mysterious, unreachable atmosphere.”

Kawase described this work as “the most balanced of the six surviving still lifes by Sánchez Cotán, and a masterpiece that clearly conveys the solemnity and serenity that are unique to Sánchez Cotán,” and said, “The fact that this work is coming to Japan is a major event in itself .”

For comparison, there is the gorgeous and decorative Still Life with Basket of Fruit and Game Birds (c.1621) by Juan van der Ament (1596-1631), who represented the next generation after Sánchez Cotán, and the Lamb of God (c.1635-40), which evokes quiet meditation and prayer, by Francisco de Zurbarán (1598-1664), also known as the “monk painter” for his many portraits of saints. In both compositions and devices, it is clear that they have inherited the tradition from Sánchez Cotán.

As for Zurbarán, the exhibition also presents four of his works, including his specialty, the large, single-figure Saint Dominic (1626-27), and the masterpiece of his mature period , the Virgin and Child with Saint John (1658), which is full of compassion. It succinctly shows the development of his artistic career, from a profound, sculptural realism to sweet, idealized expressions, as if wrapped in a veil of light. There is always an elegance and serenity present, and one can sense the artist’s consistent aesthetic sense.

Real Venice and Imaginary Rome: Cityscape Paintings Developing in Different Directions in Italy

Chapter 3 focuses on the development of Italian and French paintings, which led 18th century art, and examines the characteristics of each genre of landscape, portrait, and genre painting. Here, a comparative display of cityscape paintings in Venice and Rome is eye-catching.

In the 18th century, the Grand Tour was popular in England and countries north of the Alps, where the children of the upper classes traveled to various European cities, including Italy, the source of European civilization, to acquire cultural knowledge. One of the souvenirs they sought when returning home was cityscape paintings, known as vedota, which flourished in Venice and Rome, the two major centers of the Grand Tour.

As for cityscape paintings of Venice, the exhibition introduces works by Bernardo Bellotto (1721-1780) and Francesco Guardi (1712-1781), who are considered to be the three great masters of Venetian painting alongside Canaletto. Both of them depict the iconic scenery of the magnificent water city in a manner that appears largely realistic. In contrast, the exhibition on Rome, although also in Italy, moves away from recreating specific locations and presents a nostalgic world that blends reality and fantasy.

For example, in a pair of landscape paintings by Hubert Robert (1733-1808), who became famous as “Robert of the Ruins,” Robert brings together famous ancient works that are actually in different locations, such as the Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius in the Piazza del Campidoglio and Trajan’s Column, and also includes a huge temple that is probably a product of the imagination. Since the people in the painting are dressed in 18th-century clothing, the works are thought to strongly reflect the perspective of people at the time, who wanted to enjoy ancient buildings as ruins.

These are known as “capriccio” (fantastic paintings) among cityscape paintings. The streets of Rome, with its many crumbling and weathered ruins and historical buildings, seem to have been an important source of inspiration for painters, stimulating the imagination of travelers with their free-spirited ideas. Venice goes for realism, Rome for fantasy. It is clear how much influence regional characteristics have had on the rise of painting genres.

Understanding the transition from Loroco to Neoclassicism through two female painters: Capet and Benoist

In Chapter 3, there is a comparative exhibition of portraits by two female painters, Marie-Gabrielle Capet (1761-1818) and Marie-Guillemine Benoît (1768-1826), which clearly shows the change in aesthetic values in 18th century France, from the glamorous and aristocratic Rococo to Neoclassicism, which emphasizes order and reason.

Female artists began to emerge in France from the second half of the 18th century, and both Capet and Benoît were representative painters whose names were displayed at the Salon (official exhibition) of 1791, the first time women were allowed to exhibit after the French Revolution.

In Capet’s Self-Portrait (c.1783), the gorgeous blue dress and ribbons and curls in the hair are a clear example of the Rococo style, and the young artist’s expression as he gazes out at us is so bright and radiant that it is hard not to stare. You can sense his confidence, as if he is proud of his own skills. In contrast, Benoit’s Portrait of a Woman (c.1799) clearly shows a neoclassical tendency to seek models in the art of classical antiquity, with its ancient-style white chemise dress and sculptural, stable depiction of the body.

Not only is the quality of the works themselves high, but like the cityscape paintings mentioned above, it is easy to see where to look in order to enjoy the exhibit, making this a must-see exhibition, especially for beginners.

How does the way the fence is painted change the impression of the painting?

Chapter 4, which focuses on the diverse ways in which people were depicted in the 19th century, featured a comparative exhibition of “Hedge Surfaces” by Impressionist painters, which was somewhat surprising.

The exhibition focuses on the motif of fences, which are common in rural areas, depicted in the works of Camille Pissarro (1830-1903), the oldest Impressionist who left Paris to study the lives of farmers around Pontoise, and Theodore Robinson (1852-1896), an American painter who learned his artistic techniques in Sylveny, where Monet lived. The exhibition explains how fences are linked to the psychology of the characters and how they are effectively depicted as a device for spatial composition.

As the exhibition suggests ways to enjoy the artworks from such a somewhat niche perspective, even intermediate and advanced fans who wish to delve deeper into Western art can expect to make some fresh discoveries.

Enjoy casually, without any limitations on your thinking — Dean Fujioka’s way of appreciating films

Dean Fujioka, the exhibition’s audio guide navigator, also appeared at the press preview.

Looking back on the recording of the audio guide, Fujioka said, “If it becomes too pushy, like the ‘Koko Miru Exhibition,’ the intention changes. During meetings, I was told about the key points that would serve as criteria for judgment, such as the background of different eras, the social atmosphere, religious views, how to choose the motifs to paint, the touch, and the painting method, and I interpreted them in my own way, hoping to convey them as a form of guidance and navigation.”

He also suggested his own way of viewing films, saying, “I think that when you create your own story, it gives rise to your own perspective, and your own way of enjoying it on each day and in each moment. (When asked by the moderator if this means you first face the work and then speak to your own inner sensibilities) To put it coolly, yes. It’s like an endless loop of jokes and responses in your mind.”

“There are a variety of religious motifs and contexts, and some works have quite a lot of potential poke fun at. I try to enjoy those in a casual way, without any restrictions,” he continued. Looking at Zurbaran’s Saint Dominic, he described the artist’s appeal from his unique perspective, saying, “He’s looking up to the sky, with his hands in a cute heart-shaped pose,” which drew laughter from the audience.

During the exhibition, a limited event called “Dokomiru de Yokai” will be held for four days (night opening days). If you dress up in your own way and declare that you’ve been invited to the Yokai, you’ll receive an original postcard, and the venue will have photo spots and “Yokai photo items” such as masks and folding fans available.
*Please check the official exhibition website for detailed schedules and notes.

In addition to this exhibition, five paintings, including Goya’s “Vicente María de Vera de Aragón, Duke of La Roca” (c.1795), on loan from the San Diego Museum of Art, are also on display in the permanent exhibition room. The permanent exhibition can be viewed for free if you have a valid ticket for the “Dokomiru Exhibition” on the day, so don’t miss this one either.

Summary of “From where should we look at Western paintings? – From the Renaissance to the Impressionists: San Diego Museum of Art vs. National Museum of Western Art”

*The contents of this article are current as of the time of coverage. Please check the official exhibition website for the latest information.

Article provided by: Kokosil Ueno

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Tokyo Metropolitan Art Museum

A large-scale exhibition looking back on the 70-year creative career of Juan Miro, one of Spain's three great masters alongside Picasso and Dali, has opened at the Tokyo Metropolitan Art Museum in Ueno, Tokyo. The exhibition will run from March 1 to July 6, 2025.

*The images in this article were taken with permission at a press preview.

Juan Miro (1893-1983), a painter from Catalonia, Spain, gained fame in the 1920s as a representative Surrealist painter. He is known for his colorful and unique poetic style, which depicts motifs found in nature such as the sun, stars, and moon as symbolic symbols, but he continued to challenge himself with new forms of expression and pursue pure and universal art until his death at the age of 90. He was considered one of the most influential artists of the 20th century.

This exhibition will bring together about 100 masterpieces, including his representative Constellations series, paintings, ceramics, sculptures, and other works from his early to later years, to comprehensively introduce Miro's entire artistic career . This project is in response to the worldwide trend of reevaluation of Miro 40 years after his death, and it will be the largest retrospective in Japan since the exhibition in 1966, which Miro cooperated with while he was still alive.

The exhibition is divided into five chapters.

When the young Miro fell ill after failing to get a job as an accountant recommended by his father, he resolved to pursue his long-held dream of becoming a painter while recuperating at a villa in the mountain village of Mont Roig. In 1912, Miro returned to art school and studied cutting-edge artistic trends.
In Chapter 1, "Young Miro: Determination to Art," there are works that show that Miro adopted various styles of painting during this period, such as Cubism, Fauvism, and Cezanne, who was regarded as a father by the avant-garde artists of the time, as he explored his own expression.

Miró left behind many works that use the emotional landscapes of Montroig as a motif, including his early masterpiece House with Palm Trees (1918). Montroig, where he strengthened his artistic beliefs, was the source of all his creative endeavors throughout his life, a place where he deepened his thoughts on art, and a place where he reaffirmed his identity as a Catalan. This work is a representative example of Miró's so-called "miniaturist period," in which he abandoned the Fauvist style that had greatly influenced him until then, and began to focus on depicting fine details.

In 1920, Miro finally made his long-awaited visit to Paris, the center of the art world, and was fascinated by the city's modernity and avant-garde art. The following year, he set up a studio in Paris and began commuting back and forth between his home and Montroig.

Inspired by his interactions with local surrealist artists and poets, he turned to a more poetic style of expression that was far removed from concreteness. Between 1925 and 1927, he produced over 100 "dream paintings," in which he added amorphous, dynamic lines to vast backgrounds that represent emptiness, using them as "symbols that represent the progression of dreams. " Among these is the " Painting = Poetry" series, in which he painted insubstantial words as if they were motifs, without distinguishing them from concrete objects, freeing them from their original role.

Chapter 2, "Mont Roig – Paris: From the Countryside to the City of the Avant-Garde," introduces these activities from the 1920s. The "Dream Paintings" became a hot topic in the Paris art world, and Miro became popular as a surrealist painter in both name and reality.

Miró, who was deeply influenced by 17th-century Dutch painting, painted Dutch Interior I (1928) based on Hendrik Solf's The Lute Player (1661). The exhibition also features panels displaying Solf's original work and the preparatory sketches for this work, and by comparing them, it becomes clear that Miró has eliminated three-dimensionality and perspective from Solf's naturalistic everyday scene, transforming it into a surreal world of flat colors and organic forms.

Miró went into exile in Spain when the Spanish Civil War broke out in 1936, and continued to create in solitude throughout the ensuing Second World War, avoiding the ravages of war.
Chapter 3, "Escape and Poetics: Against the Backdrop of the War Era," highlights the masterpiece "Constellation" series , which he began producing in 1940 when he fled from Paris to a village in Normandy and completed while moving between Mallorca and Mont Roig.

The Constellations series are small gouache paintings on paper instead of canvas. It is said that Miro deliberately escaped from the horrific reality, comforted himself with the vast and beautiful starry sky and music by Mozart and Bach, and used them as inspiration to show hope beyond reality. Of the 23 works in total, three will be exhibited in this exhibition : Morning Star, Woman and Bird, and Night Figures Guided by the Phosphorescent Trail of a Snail (1940). This series is also notable for the fact that Miro established a symbolic system, but since each work is scattered around the world, this is a rare opportunity to view multiple works together.

On the other hand, from around 1928, Miro began to criticize the commercialization of art and the excessive attention given to artists, and he felt the urge to "assassinate painting." Gradually, he began to create what could be called anti-art and anti-painting styles, such as collages and objects that coexist with materials and elements unrelated to painting, such as "Untitled (Lovers of the Night)" (1934), which features toilet paper pasted onto aluminum foil, which is featured in this chapter. He continued to question the nature of traditional painting.

Miró first visited the United States in 1947 to be commissioned to paint a mural, but his reputation there had already been growing six years earlier, with a retrospective of his work being held at the Museum of Modern Art in New York. During his stay there, Miró was inspired by young artists, including Jackson Pollock, and after returning home he turned his attention to a wide range of creative endeavors, including etchings, lithographs, ceramics in collaboration with artisans, and sculpture.
Chapter 4, "Dream Atelier: Introspection and New Creations," traces these postwar developments in the 1950s and 1960s.

By the way, many of Miro's works have straightforward titles, but in fact, he liked to give a playful and poetic feeling to the relationship between the title and the work. A Red Dragonfly Pursuing a Snake Spiralling to a Comet (1951) is a typical example. Guided by the descriptive title, the viewer's eyes are misled on the screen just like a spiraling snake, trying to find the comet, snake, or red dragonfly. The vivid color scheme, meandering lines, and eerie depictions that encourage this curiosity are all Miro's devices. The ingenuity of the composition is astonishing.

This chapter also shows how his works, which began in 1956 after he completed his long-awaited large studio in Mallorca, became increasingly large, influenced by the giant paintings of American Abstract Expressionism. The large painting Figures before the Sun (1968) is one of the culminations of Miro's figurative language, and was inspired by the work of the Japanese painter-monk Sengai Gibon, who expressed the universe with the shapes of circles, triangles, and squares.

Miró had an interest in Japan from the early days, and during his visit to Japan in 1966, he recognized an affinity with traditional Japanese art and the ideas of Japanese artists. This work, with its confident brushstrokes evocative of calligraphy, is an important example of Miró's oriental sensibility, and it will be the first time in about 40 years that it will be exhibited outside Barcelona.

Chapter 5, "Towards the Essence of Painting," features works created in the 1970s and 1980s in his later years. Although Miro had already established himself as a world-famous master, he continued to examine his own activities even in his later years and did not hesitate to make bold and unconventional attempts.

For example, Burnt Canvas 2 (1973) is one of a series of five paintings in which paint was vigorously poured onto a white canvas, then stomped on it, cut up with a knife, and finally soaked in gasoline and set on fire. Rather than being the result of an impulsive act, the intention behind the work was to explore the beauty hidden in the materiality of the scorched canvas and paper, but this work also conveys an unfading energy and a strong rebellious spirit against art as high culture and art that has been reduced to mere property.

In his later years, Miro began to use brush strokes that reflected the movement of the body more. In his triptych Fireworks I, II, III (1974), which is similar in image to ink painting, Miro violently splashed paint and then applied brushstrokes over the paint that dripped down due to the action of gravity. This was influenced by American Abstract Expressionist painters, and he used a technique in which the creative process was guided by a new composition that was born from chance. This work is being exhibited in Japan for the first time.

Chapters 4 and 5 also explore Miro's active social, political, and cultural commitments through his poster production.

In the 1960s and 1970s, during the final days of the Franco dictatorship in Spain, Miro produced numerous posters as a way of expressing the hopes and demands of people who lacked a forum to openly voice their opinions. He also said, "An artist is someone who speaks out to convey something when others are silent," and the exhibition emphasizes Miro's stance as an artist, that is, that he did not study art throughout his life simply to speak about his own interests.

How did the painter Miro plunge into cutting-edge art throughout the 20th century and establish his own style while constantly placing himself in a state of creative tension? Come experience the process of his exploration and the appeal of his one-of-a-kind art at this exhibition.

Overview of the "Milo Exhibition"

*The contents of this article are current as of the time of coverage. Please check the official exhibition website for the latest information.

Article provided by: Kokosil Ueno

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Tokyo National Museum

Daikakuji Temple , located in Saga, Kyoto, has been loved by the imperial court and aristocrats as a scenic sightseeing spot ever since shortly after the capital was moved to Heian-kyo. It is the head temple of the Daikakuji school of the Shingon sect, whose founder was Kobo Daishi Kukai (774-835).
Its predecessor was Saga-in, a detached palace built by Emperor Saga (786-842) in the early Heian period, and in 876, at the request of his daughter, Princess Masako, it was converted into a temple and Daikaku-ji was founded. Since then, successive emperors and members of the imperial family have served as monzeki (head priests) at this prestigious temple, which has come to be affectionately known as Saga Gosho.

In anticipation of the 1150th anniversary of the founding of Daikakuji Temple in 2026, the Tokyo National Museum has opened a special exhibition commemorating the 1150th anniversary of the temple’s founding, “Former Saga Imperial Palace, Daikakuji Temple – A Profusion of Paintings Related to the Imperial Palace,” showcasing a number of outstanding temple treasures at once. The exhibition will run until Sunday, March 16, 2025.

*Works without a stated location are from Daikakuji Temple.
*Some artworks may be changed. Works without a display period listed will be on display throughout the entire exhibition period.
Early exhibition: January 21, 2025 (Tuesday) to February 16, 2025 (Sunday)
Late exhibition: February 18th (Tuesday) to March 16th (Sunday), 2025
*The contents of this article are current as of the time of coverage. Please check the official exhibition website for the latest information.

The venue is divided into four chapters, and the first chapter, “Emperor Saga and Kukai – From the Saga-in Imperial Villa to Daikaku-ji Temple,” displays works showing the history of Daikaku-ji Temple in its early days. The most eye-catching exhibit is the “Five Great Myo-o Statues,” which show the belief in the Five Great Myo -o, the core of Daikaku-ji Temple’s faith.

The Five Great Myo-o are made up of five Myo-o, who are esoteric Buddhist deities: Acala, Gosanze Myo-o, Gundari Myo-o, Daiitoku Myo-o, and Kongoyasha Myo-o. They were established in China during the Tang Dynasty, and are thought to have been introduced to Japan by Kukai, who returned from Tang. Emperor Saga, who loved Tang culture, was also a good friend of Kukai, and at Kukai’s urging, he enshrined the statues of the Five Great Myo-o in the Jibutsudo hall in the villa.

Although the statues from that time have already been lost, the faith in them has been passed down, and Daikakuji Temple still has three sets of “Five Great Wisdom Kings” in its collection today. Two of these sets are on display. One is the principal image of Daikakuji Temple, created at the palace of Emperor Goshirakawa by Myoen, a leading Buddhist sculptor of the En school, who created many Buddhist statues for the imperial court and high-ranking aristocrats in the late Heian period. The statue has a stern appearance with an angry expression, but its rounded, refined physique exudes a refined elegance, making it a masterpiece that harmonizes strength and grace. It is also not to be missed as this is the only surviving example of Myoen’s work.

The other statue is from the Godaido Hall of Seiryoji Temple in Kyoto, and is an impressive statue with a height of about 2m. Three of the statues are thought to have been made by the Muromachi period Buddhist sculptor Inshin, and two were restored in the Edo period.

Chapter 2, “Emperor Go-Uda, the Founder of the Restoration – The Beginnings of the Saga Imperial Palace,” focuses on the achievements of Emperor Go-Uda (1267-1324), who is known for developing the vast temple complex at Daikaku-ji Temple during the Kamakura period, including the main hall and monks’ quarters, as well as building the Sento Imperial Palace (the residence of the retired emperor) and ruling from a cloistered position, which led to the temple being called the “Saga Imperial Palace.” From the appearance of the vast temple complex at that time shown in the “Daikaku-ji Temple Grand Garan Map,” it is clear why Emperor Go-Uda is known as the “founder of the restoration of Daikaku-ji Temple.”

Emperor Gouda, who was a devout believer in Esoteric Shingon Buddhism, became an ajari (master monk) at Daikakuji Temple where he became a monk and left behind many sacred teachings and calligraphy while training his disciples. At the exhibition, you can see a number of valuable imperial calligraphy (handwritten by the emperor himself), such as the National Treasure “Emperor Gouda’s Imperial Handwriting: The Life of Kobo Daishi,” which records his reverence for Kukai, and “Emperor Gouda’s Imperial Handwriting: Kanjo Inmyō,” which records various theories on the esoteric Buddhism ritual of ablution.

Although Daikakuji Temple had a large and well-equipped temple complex, it became the headquarters of the imperial line (the Daikakuji line, later the Southern Court) that continued from Emperor Gosaga, and as a result, it was embroiled in many wars after the Nanboku-cho period, and suffered a series of hardships, including the Onin War, when most of the temple buildings were burned down. Chapter 3, “Emperors and Court Culture,” introduces the achievements of the successive emperors and head priests who supported Daikakuji Temple at that time, and the court culture that was brought about by them.

One of the highlights of this chapter is the simultaneous display of the two swords, “Usukiyoku (Hizamaru)” and “Onikirimaru (Higekiri),” which are said to be “sister swords” made by Minamoto no Mitsunaka in the mid-Heian period as swords to protect the country and passed down to successive heads of the Seiwa Genji clan.

The “Usu Midori (Hizamaru)” has a wide, bold, curved blade with a low tempered, small, irregular blade pattern. It was used by the main line of the Genji clan, including Yorimitsu, Yoshitsune, and Yoritomo, and was passed down to the Otomo, Tahara, and Saionji families, and then to the Yasui Monzeki temple before being passed down to Daikakuji. The “Onikirimaru (Higekiri)” has a slightly narrower blade with a graceful, medium curve and irregular blade pattern. This sword came into the hands of Nitta Yoshisada when the Kamakura Shogunate fell, and was donated to Kitano Tenmangu Shrine via Shiba Takatsune, who killed Yoshisada, and his descendants, the Mogami family.

Based on the belief that “a sword with excellent design has a spiritual power beyond human understanding,” these “brother swords” are said to have many mystical tales attached to them. These legends are closely linked to the rise and fall of the Genji clan, suggesting that the two swords not only symbolize the legitimacy and authority of the main line of the Genji clan, but were also believed to lead their owners to victory. This will be the first time that the two swords will be exhibited together in Tokyo. A special display case and display stand have been set up to make it easy to see the beautiful blades.

Chapter 4, “Sliding Door Paintings of the Empress’s Palace – Seishinden and Shinden,” is the highlight of the exhibition. The Shinden , located in the center of the Daikakuji temple complex, is a Shinden-style building bestowed by Emperor Gomizunoo, and was the relocated palace of Wako (Tofukumon’in), who entered the Imperial Court in 1620. The Seishinden, located to the northwest of it, is a Shoin-style building built during the Azuchi-Momoyama period, and was used as the throne room (residence) of successive head priests.

Many of the approximately 240 sliding door and shoji paintings that decorate the interior were created by Kano Sanraku (1559-1635), a painter representing the Azuchi-Momoyama to Edo periods who served the Toyotomi and Kujo families, and are collectively designated as Important Cultural Properties. The temple is currently undergoing a major restoration that has been ongoing for 14 years, and this exhibition focuses on works that have been restored, with 123 paintings (100 from the early period and 102 from the later period) being shown. It is said that this is the first time that paintings on this scale have been taken outside the temple, and the spectacular sight is captivating.

The 13-panel “Pine and Hawk” painting, which decorates the “Hawk Room” of the main bedroom, is a representative work of Sanraku’s ink-wash painting of flowers and birds, depicting a giant pine tree and a brave hawk within a long screen. Some may recall the “Cypress Screen” by Sanraku’s teacher, Kano Eitoku (1543-90), housed in the Tokyo National Museum, with its dynamic movement created by the large, undulating thick trunk and meandering branches, and the balance that dominates the whole work.

One of Sanraku’s greatest masterpieces , Red and White Plum Blossoms (8 panels), which beautifully blends realism with decoration and decorates the Red Plum Blossom Room in the Shinden Palace, also shows the influence of Eitoku in the depiction of the large tree spread across the entire screen. However, all of these works are portrayed with a softer, gentler tone than Eitoku’s boldness, suggesting that Sanraku inherited his master’s characteristics while refining his own stylistic individuality.

The 12-panel painting of rabbits on the lower shoji screens decorating the veranda of the main bedroom was created by Watanabe Shiki (1683-1755), a mid-Edo period painter who studied under the Kano school and Ogata Korin. It is said to have been commissioned by Konoe Iehiro to comfort his son, born in the year of the rabbit, who entered Daikakuji Temple at a young age from the Konoe family. The painting features 19 rabbits in a variety of poses, such as with ears on their hind legs or relaxing close together, set amongst sprawling wildflowers.

The special exhibition “Former Saga Imperial Palace, Daikakuji Temple – A Profusion of Paintings Related to the Imperial Palace,” which allows visitors to immerse themselves in the temple’s long history and elegant atmosphere, will be held until March 16, 2025.

Summary of the special exhibition commemorating the 1150th anniversary of the founding of the temple: “Former Saga Imperial Palace, Daikakuji Temple – A Profusion of Paintings Related to the Imperial Palace”

*The contents of this article are current as of the time of coverage. Please check the official exhibition website for the latest information.

Article provided by: Kokosil Ueno

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National Museum of Nature and Science

Birds are the most numerous terrestrial vertebrates, with approximately 11,000 species, and thrive in a variety of environments around the world, from the sky and land to the water and polar regions. In Japan, bird classification is based on the Catalogue of Japanese Birds published by the Ornithological Society of Japan, but in recent years, the classification was revised for the first time in 12 years in September this year, taking into account the evolutionary history and lineages that have been revealed by the rapid progress of genome analysis.

The special exhibition "Birds: New bird lineages revealed by genome analysis" (until February 24, 2025) currently being held at the National Museum of Nature and Science in Ueno, Tokyo, explains the diverse charms of birds around the world, including their amazing ecology, based on the latest genome lineage classification. With over 600 bird specimens on display, it is the largest scale in the history of the National Museum of Nature and Science, and can be enjoyed by a wide range of people, from beginners to bird enthusiasts and avid bird watchers.

Nishiumi Isao (Chief Researcher in the Zoological Research Department at the National Museum of Nature and Science), who served as the overall supervisor of this exhibition, spoke about the significance of holding this exhibition at a press preview held prior to its opening as follows:

"Birds play a variety of roles in the ecological pyramid. For example, nectar-eating birds are involved in pollination, while seed-eating birds are involved in seed dispersal. Woodpeckers, who can dig nest holes, provide habitats for a variety of creatures that cannot make their own nest holes, such as flying squirrels and owls, and thus enrich biodiversity. Many of these birds have been declining in number in recent years, and some are on the verge of extinction. We believe that holding the 'Birds' exhibition, getting to know birds better and becoming familiar with them, is extremely important in considering the global environment."

According to Nishiumi, birds are particularly susceptible to environmental influences among animals. It is conservatively estimated that 1,430 species have become extinct due to human activity, which means that 12% of all species have become extinct. As a prologue to this exhibition, a corner on the theme of "extinction" is set up, and you can feel the strong desire of the curators to "above all else, let people know about the current situation surrounding birds."

One of the highlights of this exhibition is the life-size reconstructed model of Pelagornis sandersi, the largest flying bird in history with a wingspan of up to 7m, which lived approximately 26 million years ago.

Takanobu Taibichi (Chief Researcher in the Department of Earth Sciences, National Museum of Nature and Science), who supervised this model, commented, "As far as we know, this is the largest flying bird in history. We attempted this restoration because we wanted to explore the potential of birds, or how large a bird needs to be to fly given its body structure, and to explore the diversity of shapes known from fossils, as well as the limits of shape."

The greatest attraction of this exhibition is undoubtedly the volume of specimens .

According to Nishiumi, he carefully selected the best-looking specimens from the approximately 3,000 in the National Museum of Nature and Science's collection. With the cooperation of the Abiko Bird Museum, the only bird museum in Japan, and Himeji Museum, the exhibition features over 600 bird specimens from all over the world and throughout history, which is truly impressive. "See all the birds you'll ever see in your lifetime!?" is the exhibition's catchphrase, but as a rough guide, if you can observe more than 400 species of birds, you're considered a very experienced birdwatcher.

Cute birds, unique birds, rare birds… With such a wide variety, no matter what kind of bird you're looking for, you're sure to enjoy it.

The venue is laid out according to taxonomic orders, and one area to pay particular attention to is the "Penguin Gathering" corner, which displays the order Sphenisciformes.

There are 15 specimens of 11 of the 18 extant species of penguins on display. Some specimens have unique poses, such as an emperor penguin watching over its chicks, while others have a sense of story in their arrangement, such as a group of African penguins and a group of Magellanic penguins staring in the same direction as if intrigued by something. The specimens come together as a single scene, creating an atmosphere almost like that of a zoo.

It's interesting to see the great auks, which look similar to penguins but are from a completely different family, casually mixed in like a game of spot the difference. Penguins are limited to the Southern Hemisphere, but it is said that flightless birds like the great auks have evolved convergently (※) in the Arctic as well.

(*)…When organisms from very different lineages are placed in the same environment, such as a fish shark and a mammal dolphin, or a bird's wing and a mammal's bat's wing, they acquire similar traits and functions.

If you look up into the sky above the "Penguin Gathering" area, you'll see a South Polar skua, a predator that preys on penguin eggs and chicks, spreading its wings and appearing to be targeting the penguins. It's easy to miss the hanging exhibits, so we recommend taking a 360-degree look around the venue.

The exhibition is based on phylogenetic research using genome analysis, and one of its symbolic results is the establishment of the order Falconidae. In the traditional classification, which was based mainly on morphological differences, falcons were classified as part of the Falconidae family, and this had hardly been questioned until now. However, it has been discovered that they are actually closer to the parrots and passerines in terms of their lineage than to hawks.

There are 44 orders, from Strigiformes to Passeriformes. However, while there are over 6,700 species of Passeriformes that are distributed almost worldwide, there is only one species of Hoatzin, the black-spotted hoatzin, that is endemic to the Amazon basin; there is a wide range in the number of species and their distribution ranges.

This rare bird, one species in a single order, is arboreal, has low flying ability, and is the only bird that has a unique ecology in that it mainly eats leaves. It has an image that is the polar opposite of carnivorous birds of prey that fly powerfully through the sky to hunt prey, but it is suggested that phylogenetically, birds of prey such as hawks and owls may have arisen through the Hoatzins.

Generally, bird "orders" branch off at roughly the same time, with the groups that branched off between 66 million years ago, when the mass extinction of the dinosaurs occurred due to an asteroid impact, and around 50 million years ago. The Hoatzinidae order did not branch off for over 50 million years, and it is unclear whether they survived as a single species or whether they became extinct with only one species remaining, making them a rather mysterious species.

The "Secrets of Birds" section, which features contributions from Watari Numagasa , a popular creator known for his illustrated animal illustrations, is also a must-see.

The corner has 23 themes, such as "Do cuckoos' egg-laying parasitism lead to the death of their hosts?" and "Bird dialects and words" , and introduces the latest research findings in the form of trivia. Numagasa Watari's illustrations help visitors understand the exhibit with their humorous, chuckle-inducing illustrations.

One of the curators, Shoji Hamao (Chief Researcher in the Zoological Research Department at the National Museum of Nature and Science), said, "In this exhibition, we wanted to emphasize the differences in how birds and people see the world," referring to the exhibit in the same corner, "What pigeons can teach us about the 'minds' of birds."

The results of an experiment were presented in which pigeons, trained to distinguish between Japanese and Western paintings, were shown scrambled images in which the original painting was divided into 1,024 parts and rearranged randomly. While it is difficult for humans to determine whether the original painting is Japanese or Western, pigeons were able to easily distinguish between the two, even when seeing the painting for the first time.

"Humans are good at looking at the whole picture and picking out features, but pigeons are very honest about the small details, and they look at each and every detail and remember it. That's how they perceive things. In other words, they perceive the world differently. This story doesn't mean that pigeons are smart or not, but it shows that Homo sapiens and birds perceive things differently, and see the world in different ways," says Hamao.

Hamao also mentioned an exhibit on the surprising pairing relationships between male and female birds. As the term "lovebirds" suggests, some people may imagine that birds form monogamous pairs and raise children together in harmony. However, for example, when a male pheasant has a baby with a female in his pairing, he abandons nest-building, incubation, raising the eggs, and the bond with his partner, and instead courts other females one after another, which is why he is said to be polygamous (or promiscuous).

From a human perspective, this behavior would make one frown, thinking, "How can they move from one woman to another without raising their young?" But in reality, the chicks mature quickly, and one bird is enough to raise the young. Hamao says that this is the result of each individual bird evolving to leave as many young as possible in the harsh natural environment.

"The image we have of birds, that humans think birds must think this way because we think this way, is surprisingly not accurate. Birds have acquired all sorts of characteristics to leave more offspring under the harsh selective pressure of evolution. So we shouldn't think of this in terms of humans. We create exhibits like this with the idea that we need to know what birds really look like, admire them, and think about conservation." (Hamao)

Genome analysis has revealed a different image of birds than we had previously. What ecological characteristics do they have, what kind of lifestyles do they lead, and what role do they play in the ecosystem? Now that we know this, what kind of charm will we find in them? This exhibition will be the perfect opportunity to update our image of birds in the genomic era.

Summary of the special exhibition "Birds: New bird lineages revealed by genome analysis"

Dates	November 2, 2024 (Sat) – February 24, 2025 (Monday/Closed)
venue	National Museum of Nature and Science (Ueno Park, Tokyo)
Opening hours	9:00-17:00 (entrance until 16:30)
Closed Days	Mondays, November 5th (Tuesday), December 28th (Saturday) – January 1st (Wednesday), January 14th (Tuesday) *However, the museum will be open on November 4th (Monday, holiday), December 23rd (Monday), January 13th (Monday, holiday), February 17th (Monday), and February 24th (Monday, holiday). *The session and other details are subject to change.
Admission fee (tax included)	Adults and university students: 2,100 yen; elementary, middle and high school students: 600 yen *Free for preschool children. * Free for those with a disability certificate and one caregiver. *If you have a student ID or any other certificate, please present it upon entry.
Organizer	National Museum of Nature and Science, Nihon Keizai Shimbun, BS TV Tokyo
inquiry	050-5541-8600 (Hello Dial)
Exhibition official website	https://toriten.exhn.jp/

*The contents of this article are current as of the date of coverage. Please check the official exhibition website for the latest information.

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Tokyo National Museum

The national treasure “Haniwa Warrior with Armored Arms,” which is said to be the greatest masterpiece among the many different types of haniwa made during the Kofun period, has celebrated its 50th anniversary since being designated a national treasure, and a special exhibition commemorating this occasion, “Haniwa,” has opened at the Tokyo National Museum (hereinafter referred to as “Tokyo National Museum”). The exhibition will run until December 8, 2024.

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Haniwa, which were actively produced from the 3rd to 6th centuries during the Kofun period, are unglazed sculptures that were lined up in burial mounds, the tombs of kings and other powerful people. Early on, they were simple cylindrical shapes, but as time went on, they developed into more and more unique pieces, including human figures, adorable animal figures such as horses and birds, and pictographs of elaborate weapons and houses. They are valuable materials that convey the lives and customs of ancient people to the present day.

This exhibition will bring together about 120 carefully selected treasures from around Japan, including haniwa and grave goods excavated from ancient tombs. This will be the first large-scale haniwa exhibition held at the Tokyo National Museum in about half a century.

Welcoming visitors at the entrance to the first venue is the adorable Haniwa Dancing People, with their playful expressions, which has now become a recognized icon of Haniwa. Haniwa, which emerged and developed uniquely in the Japanese archipelago, are characterized by simplified and rounded expressions in the clothing, faces, and gestures, but this representative work is filled with that unique “looseness .” It is said to depict people dancing in a ritual, and is also the model for the Tokyo National Museum’s mascot character, “Tohaku-kun.”

When it was excavated from the Nohara Tomb in Kumagaya, Saitama Prefecture in 1930, it was immediately repaired and restored, but in recent years it has deteriorated so much that it is no longer possible to lend it out. Therefore, the Tokyo National Museum and the Cultural Properties Utilization Center are raising donations through crowdfunding and other means, and will begin dismantling and repairing it in October 2022. Repairs are scheduled to be completed in March 2024, and this exhibition will be the first opportunity for the statue to be shown since its repairs.

There have been several changes since the restoration, but the biggest change is probably the intensity of the reddish color. During cleaning, it was discovered that the work had a stronger yellowish color than it actually was, due to dirt that had accumulated while it was buried and dirt in the air that had accumulated over the years of display. Old excavated items are often left with no effort to remove dirt, in order to show their history, but in this restoration, they decided to remove as much dirt as possible in order to allow the viewer to imagine how it was when it was first made. The original color that emerged is said to be a reddish burnt color that is rich in iron and contains volcanic minerals, a color that is often seen in northern Kanto.

Regarding the Haniwa Dancing People, according to Tokyo National Museum researcher Yamamoto Ryo, a recent theory that has gained popularity is that “rather than dancing, the figures are actually pulling a horse.”

Haniwa figures with one hand raised were often originally excavated together with horses. Also, it is possible that the twisted cord hanging from the waist of the shorter haniwa represents reins, and the sickle on its back represents an object used to cut grass for the horse. If it was a horse-puller, it would be a little disappointing, considering that we have been familiar with the “dancing people” for so many years…

“On the other hand, it is common for the meaning of the original haniwa to change as it develops. In this exhibition, we call them group figures of haniwa, but there are some that combine different types of haniwa to express various stories, such as a hunting scene using a hunter haniwa with a deer or boar haniwa. Therefore, depending on the combination of haniwa, there is still the possibility that they could have expressed a dancing scene, as has been said until now,” said Yamamoto. Further research is expected.

The next exhibition corner, titled “The Appearance of the King,” is a luxurious space where all the exhibits are national treasures.

In ancient tombs, luxurious grave goods are sometimes found along with the haniwa. For example, in the early Kofun period (3rd to 4th centuries), kings played a priestly role like Himiko, and many bronze mirrors and bracelet-type treasures made from precious stones have been excavated.

The exhibition will introduce the National Treasure “Gold Inlaid Sword,” a sword with an unparalleled decorative pommel that was excavated from the Todaijiyama Tomb, built in the late 4th century. This sword, known as the oldest inscribed sword excavated in Japan, is said by some researchers to have been inherited by Himiko from the Chinese dynasty.

In the middle of the Kofun period (5th century), when the kings took on a more warrior-like nature in the wake of a period of upheaval on the Korean Peninsula, weapons and equipment became prominent. In the late Kofun period (6th century), when the centralized nature of the Yamato kingship strengthened and the custom of horse riding became more widespread, gilt bronze accessories began to appear, adorning the kings and their horses in splendid ways and showing their authority.

In this way, the grave goods changed in tandem with the changes in the king’s role, so by examining them, we can get a glimpse of how the culture and customs of the time when the haniwa were made were changing.

The custom of erecting haniwa in kofun burial mounds has spread throughout the Japanese archipelago, from the Kinki region, the center of kofun culture, to Iwate Prefecture in the north and Kagoshima Prefecture in the south, centering on the Yamato royal authority. As these haniwa developed, their individuality emerged in their expressions, depending on the differences in customs in each region, the proficiency of the craftsmen, and the strength of the relationship with the great king, from elaborate ones that are comparable to those in the tombs of the great kings to unique ones that are full of regional color. The “Haniwa Forms” exhibition corner focuses on the development of these diverse forms.

For example, the horse-shaped clay figure excavated from the Ishiyakushi East Burial Mounds in Suzuka City, Mie Prefecture, is unique in its straight mane or headgear, making it a rare specimen that is unseen anywhere else in Japan. The beard-bearded boy clay figure, said to have been excavated in Ibaraki Prefecture, resembles a fairy from a picture book with its curly hair and pointed hat. These clay figures with long beards are known as examples of highly regional styles from the 6th century.

What was secretly catching the visitors’ attention were the “Cylindrical Haniwa with Faces,” cylindrical haniwa that for some reason had facial features added to them.

The roots of cylindrical haniwa lie in earthenware called special vessel stands, which were used as ritual vessels in the Kibi region (present-day Okayama Prefecture) during the Yayoi period as stands to hold vases, and there is no reason for them to have faces. Cylindrical haniwa remained mainstream from the birth of haniwa until their disappearance, but there are only a few examples of cylindrical haniwa with faces excavated, mainly in northern Kanto, such as Shimogo Tenjinzuka Tomb in Tamamura Town, Gunma Prefecture, and Gyokidaira Sancho Tomb in Ashikaga City, Tochigi Prefecture. Perhaps it was the playfulness of a haniwa craftsman who thought, “A plain cylindrical shape is boring”?

As you enter the second venue, you will come to the highlight of the exhibition: the display corner for “National Treasure: Warriors Wielding Armor and Their Companions.”

The Haniwa Warrior in Armor , owned by the Tokyo National Museum, was excavated in Ota City, Gunma Prefecture, and is the first Haniwa to be designated a National Treasure. There are four other similar warrior Haniwa figures thought to have been produced in the same workshop as this one, which have been restored in perfect condition, but this exhibition will be the first time that all five of these “brothers” have been exhibited together in one place . One of these figures is currently in the possession of the Seattle Art Museum in the United States, making this a rare opportunity to compare the two.

The Tokyo National Museum’s collection is three-dimensional and elaborately crafted down to the smallest detail, and shows the figure covered in armor from head to toe, holding a bow in the left hand, a sword in the right hand, and a quiver (arrow holder) on his back. By the way, the armor on the upper body is made of small iron plates sewn together.

“There are no other examples of haniwa figures clad in such heavy armor,” said Masanori Kono, a researcher at the Tokyo National Museum.

“These ‘Warriors in Armor’ were made in the second half of the 6th century. Until the first half of the 6th century, the Kinki region, which was the cultural center of the time, led the way in haniwa making, and other regions followed suit. With the introduction of Buddhism, values changed, and the creation of keyhole-shaped tumuli and haniwa making gradually declined in the Kinki region. However, even in the second half of the 6th century, this influence had not yet reached Gunma, and haniwa were still being made enthusiastically. Gunma was extraordinarily enthusiastic about making haniwa, mastering extremely skilled techniques and leaving behind many haniwa that are representative of Japan.”

The five “Warriors in Armor” have very similar appearances, including their facial expressions, but on closer inspection there are some differences, such as the arrow holder they are carrying on their backs not a quiver but a koraku, which appeared later than the quiver, and hakama rather than protective gear worn on the lower half of their bodies.It is also worth noting that there has been a gradual omission of small details from the oldest specimen in the Tokyo National Museum’s collection, the Aikawa Archaeological Museum in Gunma, to the newest specimen in the Tenri Reference Museum attached to Tenri University in Nara.

Regarding this exhibition, Researcher Kono said, “I don’t want this to be just an exhibition of masterpieces. I have a strong desire to convey the latest research results to everyone in an easy-to-understand way, so I thought about the composition of the exhibition in light of the research results,” and cited the display of the color restoration of the museum’s collection of “Warriors with Armored Arms” as a prime example. Scientific analysis and detailed naked eye observation revealed that the entire piece was painted in three colors: white, red, and gray. This completely overturned the conventional image.

Towards the end of the exhibition, in the “Haniwa that tell stories” section, the focus is on the aforementioned “Haniwa Group Statues,” which combine multiple haniwa figures, including people and animals, to express various stories. The section introduces the role each haniwa played in the story, such as the “kneeling boy,” which represents a formal bow scene to praise the morality of the deceased king and pledge loyalty to the new king, and the sumo wrestler who stomps his feet to ward off evil spirits from the land on which the burial mound is built.

There is also a large collection of adorable animal haniwa here. The most commonly made animal haniwa is the horse, which was a symbol of power, but other figures such as roosters that herald the dawn, and deer, wild boars, and dogs that depict hunting scenes were also made in connection with royal ceremonies. On the other hand, some waterfowl and fish are thought to be faithful copies of animals in nature, and you can feel the natural creative consciousness of ancient peoples.

This large-scale haniwa exhibition was miraculously realized after about five years of preparation, in order to gather the top masterpieces from each collection. Why not take this opportunity to experience the profound depth of the world of haniwa once again?

 

*Photography is permitted in the exhibition rooms of this exhibition, with the exception of some works.

Summary of the special exhibition “Haniwa” commemorating the 50th anniversary of the designation of the “Keiko Warrior” as a national treasure

*The contents of this article are current as of the time of coverage. Please check the official exhibition website for the latest information.

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National Museum of Western Art

The exhibition “Monet: Water Lilies” has opened at the National Museum of Western Art in Ueno, Tokyo, focusing on the late works of Claude Monet, a representative Impressionist painter, and the changes in his expression. The exhibition will run until February 11, 2025.

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Claude Monet (1840-1926) is also known for establishing the technique of “series painting,” in which he observes the same motif in different seasons and weather conditions, and captures the ever-changing impressions and movement of light on multiple canvases. In 1890, at the age of 50, Monet purchased land and a house in the small village of Giverny, France, and spent several years creating a “water garden” with a water lily pond. The surface of this water lily pond, where the surrounding trees, sky, and light are reflected together, became Monet’s greatest creative source in his later years.

This exhibition will introduce Monet’s artistic expression from his later years, which constitutes the culmination of his career, focusing on his Water Lilies series, from his earliest and precious Water Lilies to large-scale Water Lilies created during the process of creating the “large decorative paintings” that occupied his mind until the end.

The exhibition will bring 48 paintings, including 7 that will be shown in Japan for the first time, from the Musée Marmottan Monet in Paris, which boasts one of the world’s largest collections of Monet paintings. A total of 66 works will be on display, including masterpieces from the Matsukata Collection at the National Museum of Western Art and other collections in Japan.

A large blown-up photograph at the entrance to the venue shows Monet’s hatted head reflected in a water lily pond. Sylvie Carlier, head of collections and chief curator of cultural properties at the Marmottan Monet Museum, who attended the press preview of the exhibition, said, “The photograph visually conveys the overall intention of the exhibition, which is to move together with Monet through the waterscape and the plants that live near it, through Monet’s perspective.”

This exhibition is composed of four chapters and an epilogue. Chapter 1, “From the Seine to the Water Lilies,” introduces works depicting London and the Seine, which were Monet’s main creative sources in the late 1890s before he began working on Water Lilies. It shows how Monet became interested in the motif of water and the effects of light and reflections on the water’s surface.

In addition, it is said that Monet first painted “Water Lilies” in 1897, and Chapter 1 also exhibits valuable examples that are believed to be the earliest “Water Lilies” .

In contrast to his later series, he focuses on the water lilies themselves rather than the water surface reflecting the trees and sky. The forms of the objects are depicted with meticulous brushwork while retaining realistic elements, allowing for comparison with his later increasingly abstract works.

Decorative arts flourished in France at the end of the 19th century like never before, and Monet also began to create full-scale decorative paintings during the Impressionist period of the 1870s. In the 1890s, while pursuing the effect of exhibiting a series of works, he came up with the idea of “Grande Décoration,” a series of decorative paintings that would fill the exhibition space with a single theme: water lilies. Despite suffering from cataracts, he began working on this energetically from 1914, and it eventually came to fruition in the form of eight huge decorative panels that covered the entire exhibition room of the Musée de l’Orangerie in Paris.

Although the final motif was water, water lilies, and willow trees, Monet’s original plan was to incorporate a wide variety of flowers planted around the pond, as he was a great horticulture enthusiast . Chapter 2, “Decoration of Water and Flowers,” features works that were an important part of the concept, such as the wisteria creeping on the arched bridge over the pond and the agapanthus blooming on the shore.

Irises were one of Monet’s favorite flowers, and of the flower studies he created after 1914, he painted irises in the most number of works, second only to water lilies, totaling 20. At first glance, Yellow Irises seems to be a composition looking up at the irises from the perspective of an insect or fish, but in fact it combines two different perspectives: the irises captured from the side, and a viewer looking down at the surface of the pond on which the sky is reflected. Monet was intent on exploring pictorial spaces that would shake up the viewer’s perceptions.

Chapter 3, “The Path to Large Decorative Paintings,” displays nine large works that are particularly related to the finished form of the “Water Lilies” created during the production process of the large decorative paintings. This is the highlight of the exhibition, where you can be surrounded by “Water Lilies” in an elliptical exhibition space inspired by the exhibition room of the Musée de l’Orangerie, and become one with the world of meditative colors that stretches out endlessly. In addition, photography is also allowed in this area.

In two of the nine works, the reflection of clouds, which became an important motif in his work after 1914, is prominent. In the other, white clouds tinted faintly orange are at the center, creating a clear contrast with the blue sky. Water lilies and weeping willows painted with free-spirited brushstrokes stretch out above, below, left and right of the picture, giving a lively impression.

One view is that Monet began to place importance on the reflection of clouds because he wanted to strengthen the sense that heaven and earth are one on the surface of the pond, by combining them with elements connected to the earth, such as poplars and willow trees.

The production of these huge decorative panels was based on studies that Monet had painted outdoors in his newly constructed, vast studio. Through the process of internalizing the memory of impressions of nature and reconstructing them on canvas, Monet’s art became detached from the reality reflected on the retina and transformed into more internal images.

Chapter 4, “Symphonic Colors,” introduces a series of small works that were created in parallel with the large decorative paintings that he continued until his death. The motifs include a Japanese-style drum bridge over a water lily pond and a path with a rose arch in the “Flower Garden” adjacent to the “Water Garden.”

Perhaps due to his deteriorating eyesight caused by his progressive cataracts, his works gradually lost their sense of perspective and began to take on a flat expanse. His color vision also became distorted; at times yellow and green dominated his world, and at other times all other colors seemed bluish, with reds in particular appearing muddy. After undergoing three surgeries from 1923, his eyesight recovered to some extent, but the “Japanese Bridges” series, which he painted during that time, show a tangle of colors so tangled that the motifs are indistinguishable, the outlines melt, and the brushstrokes are densely intertwined.

Looking back at the delicate expressions seen in Chapter 1, you will be surprised at the clear difference. The way he persistently applies color, slamming his brush down, seems to imprint the reality of the motif, but it also feels like an expression of his fear of the disabilities that could be fatal to a painter, such as declining eyesight and a lack of color.

However, Monet actually kept these series of paintings from his final years, which at first glance could be seen as the product of a period of uncertainty, until the very end. Considering that he was a perfectionist who ruthlessly discarded anything he didn’t like, we can see them as the fruit of a rich experimental spirit based on the sense of color he had cultivated through his experiences.

The epilogue, “An Upside-Down World,” concludes the exhibition with two works depicting weeping willows, created as studies for large decorative paintings. In the last years of Monet’s life, when he faced many hardships, including the death of his beloved family and the First World War, these weeping willows are also interpreted as motifs symbolizing sadness and mourning, as they appear to be shedding tears.

In conceiving his large decorative paintings, Monet aimed to create a space where the viewer could be enveloped in an infinite expanse of water with no beginning or end, and could meditate peacefully. In this Water Lilies , the boundary between the real and virtual images of the weeping willows that occupy the left half of the painting is extremely ambiguous, giving the viewer the impression of a tranquil and eternal world.

In his later years, Monet overturned the worldview based on the traditional perspective of Western painting with a new way of perceiving space. Don’t miss the exhibition “Monet: The Time of Water Lilies,” where you can experience the rich development of his artistic career, which went beyond Impressionism with his unabated creative impulse.

Overview of “Monet’s Water Lilies”

*The contents of this article are current as of the time of coverage. Please check the official exhibition website for the latest information.

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